AR - Art (AR)
*Course Fees are Per Credit Hour
AR 1XX. ART Elective. (1-3 Credits)
AR 170. Art Appreciation. (3 Credits)
A broad study of the contemporary visual arts by means of illustrated lectures, gallery visits, and studio demonstrations. Credit may not be applied toward requirements for an art minor. (Fall, Spring)
Course Fees: $75
AR 170H. Art Appreciation-Honors. (3 Credits)
A broad study of the contemporary visual arts by means of illustrated lectures, gallery visits, and studio demonstrations. Credit may not be applied toward requirements for an art minor. (Fall, Spring)
Course Fees: $75
AR 201. Digital Photo I. (3 Credits)
This course provides students with the basic tools of digital photography: camera controls, digital workflow, basic Photoshop image adjustments, and printing. Students will work with color, form, content, and composition to learn what makes a successful photograph. A digital SLR camera with manual capabilities is required.
Course Fees: $75
AR 221. Drawing I. (3 Credits)
Representational drawing. The study of line, light, shade, texture, and form in dry media. Three 2-hour studio periods per week. (Fall, Spring)
Course Fees: $75
AR 222. Drawing II. (3 Credits)
Expression gained through media and form exploitation. Three 2-hour studio periods per week. Prerequisites: AR 221, 231. (Spring)
Course Fees: $75
AR 224. Sophomore Review. (0 Credits)
This non-credit course provides a formal structure to support and benchmark the academic progress of art students. All art students, regardless of their degree program, must undergo a sophomore-level program review. During this review, each student will present a portfolio of 10 works demonstrating that their fine art foundation skills meet the expected competency standards. Students are expected to complete this review by the end of the second semester of their sophomore year (45-64 hours). Prerequisites: AR 231, AR 232, AR 221, AR 222, and one of the following: AR 347, AR 201, AR 325, AR 351, or AR 391 . (Fall, Spring)
Course Fees: $75
AR 231. Design I. (3 Credits)
Design theory applied to two-dimensional composition. Two 3-hour studio periods per week. (Fall, Spring)
Course Fees: $75
AR 232. Design II. (3 Credits)
Design theory applied to three-dimensional composition. Three 2-hour studio periods per week. Prerequisites: AR 221, 231. (Spring)
Course Fees: $75
AR 270. Perspectives in Asian Art. (3 Credits)
This course surveys the visual culture of east, south, and southeast Asia. Students will explore the unique formal, stylistic, and aesthetic attributes of art from select Asian traditions. Students will further investigate and understand the social, political, and religious influences that have shaped these visual cultures. (Offered on sufficient demand)
Course Fees: $75
AR 281. Art History Survey I. (3 Credits)
A study of major monuments in western art from the paleolithic through the medieval periods. (Fall)
Course Fees: $75
AR 282. Art History Survey II. (3 Credits)
Survey II, an illustrated lecture course, introduces students to art in the Western tradition from the Middle Ages to the modern period, roughly 1300-1800. Students will learn the chronology and development of art in this critical period. Discussions in class, written assignments, and examinations will test students' knowledge, as well as their ability to apply concepts and terms.
Course Fees: $75
AR 283. Art History Survey III. (3 Credits)
Survey III, and illustrated lecture course, introduces students to art in the Western tradition from 1800 to the present. Students will learn the chronology and development of art in a period that has seen the almost complete overthrow of artistic tradition, the expanding definition of art, and the extension of the art world's borders beyond Europe and North America. Discussions in class, written assignments, and examinations will test students' knowledge, as well as their ability to apply concepts and terms.
Course Fees: $75
AR 311. Printmaking I. (3 Credits)
Basic techniques of relief, intaglio, and serigraphy. Two 3-hour studio periods per week. (Fall)
Course Fees: $75
AR 312. Printmaking II. (3 Credits)
Contiuation of Printmaking I. Two 3-hour studio periods per week. Prerequisites: AR 221, 231, 311. (Fall)
Course Fees: $75
AR 315. Digital Illustration. (3 Credits)
This course will provide students with an understanding of the expectations of working in the illustration field through the exploration of color theory, custom typography, character design, and illustration for professional production. Prerequisites: AR 221, AR 231. (Fall)
Course Fees: $75
AR 320. Film Photo I. (3 Credits)
Students will learn how to shoot 35 mm black and white film, develop and process black and white film, make contact sheets, and enlarge and develop prints in the darkroom, spot prints and mount and present their photographs, while focusing in on composition, contrast and the tones in a print that make a strong black and white image. (Fall, Spring)
Course Fees: $75
AR 321. Film Photo II. (3 Credits)
Intermediate darkroom techniques will be introduced with a focus on the mastery of printing skills. Students will conduct research on historical and contemporary photographers, study the aesthetic elements in photography, and explore the concept of portfolio. Prerequisites: AR 231, AR 320. (Fall, Spring)
Course Fees: $75
AR 324. BFA Review. (0 Credits)
This non-credit course provides a formal structure to support and benchmark the academic progress of students enrolled in the professional fine art degree program, whose curriculum is explicitly prescribed with a singular media focus. All students pursuing the BFA degree must complete the BFA Review during their junior year, after completing the Sophomore Review and before completing 65-94 credit hours. After successfully passing BFA review, student are eligible to enroll in Senior Studio. Students enrolled in the BFA degree program may not participate in the BFA Review without first completing the Sophomore Review. They are required to prepare and present a portfolio of 10 artworks in their chosen concentration and participate in an oral interview with a faculty judiciary panel. Students in the BFA program who do not achieve a grade of 80 or higher will not be admitted to the BFA degree program. Conditional status or a second-chance review may be granted. Alternatively, students may be advised to transition to the liberal arts degree program, which addresses creative potential through a generalist, interdisciplinary, or intermedia approach. Prerequisite: AR 224.
Course Fees: $75
AR 331. Digital Photography II. (3 Credits)
In this course, students will learn advanced Photoshop skills as well as advanced image capturing techniques, and advanced photo processing and printing. Prerequisites: AR 201, 221, 231, 320. (Fall, Spring)
Course Fees: $75
AR 332. Studio Photography. (3 Credits)
In this course students will examine the creative control that comes with working in the photographic studio. Students will construct/arrange their images and learn to manipulate light and shadow to evoke different emotive qualities in their work. Prerequisites: AR 201 and AR 320. (Fall)
Course Fees: $75
AR 335. Selected Studies in Studio Art. (3 Credits)
Concentrated study in narrow areas of studio art designed to provide access to specialized techniques and materials. Prerequisites: AR 221 and 231. (Offered upon sufficient demand)
Course Fees: $75
AR 340. Watercolor I. (3 Credits)
Study of basic techniques of watercolor painting and basic composition. Three 2-hour studio periods per week. (Spring)
Course Fees: $75
AR 341. Watercolor II. (3 Credits)
Continuation of Watercolor I; advance techniques, composition, and design. Three 2-hour studio periods per week. Prerequisites: AR 221, 231. (Spring)
Course Fees: $75
AR 342. Painting I. (3 Credits)
Study of an experimentation with basic techniques of painting media, preparation of grounds, and other general mechanics of beginning painting. Problems in basic pictorial design. Two 3- hour studio periods per week. (Fall, Spring)
Course Fees: $75
AR 343. Painting II. (3 Credits)
Continuation of Painting I with greater attention to pictorial design and production of quality work. Two 3-hour studio periods per week. Prerequisites: AR 221, 231, 342. (Fall, Spring)
Course Fees: $75
AR 347. Digital Technology Foundations. (3 Credits)
This foundational course introduces students to digital media principles, tools, and workflows used across art and design disciplines. Emphasis is placed on hands-on experimentation with raster imaging, composition, basic animation, and interactive prototyping. Students will explore how digital technologies connect to print, motion, and immersive media through guided projects that emphasize concept development and iterative production. Art majors who successfully complete this core requirement will fulfill the UNA General Education requirement for computer literacy. (Fall, Spring)
Course Fees: $75
AR 348. DM: Vector Media. (3 Credits)
This course explores the versatility of vector-based graphics across print, digital screens, and motion media. Students will master the creation of scalable assets, ranging from complex logo systems and editorial illustrations to kinetic typography and vector animation. By applying core principles of visual communication and design systems, students will develop a professional-grade portfolio that demonstrates technical precision and a sophisticated understanding of brand identity in motion Prerequisites: AR 221, 231, 347. (Spring, Offered upon sufficient demand)
Course Fees: $75
AR 349. Special Topics. (3 Credits)
Provides focused study of specialized themes, methods, or emerging practices. Topics vary by semester and may include advanced processes, technologies, or conceptual frameworks; the course may be repeated with differing content and is open to all majors. Prerequisite: AR 347. (Offered upon sufficient demand)
Course Fees: $75
AR 351. Ceramics I. (3 Credits)
Hand building and wheel throwing, glazing and firing. Two 3-hour studio periods per week. (Fall, Spring, Summer)
Course Fees: $75
AR 352. Ceramics II. (3 Credits)
Continuation of Ceramics I. Two 3-hour studio periods per week. Prerequisites: AR 221, 231, 351. (Fall, Spring, Summer)
Course Fees: $75
AR 359. Special Course. (1-6 Credits)
Course number reserved for special courses offered from time to time in response to special circumstances. The courses are discipline specific with variable credit and when offered, they are identified by department content and credit.
Course Fees: $75
AR 369. Special Course. (1-6 Credits)
Course number reserved for special courses offered from time to time in response to special circumstances. The courses are discipline specific with variable credit and when offered, they are identified by department content and credit.
Course Fees: $75
AR 385W. Critical and Applied Art Theory. (3 Credits)
This course introduces students to ancient, medieval, modern, and contemporary art theory. It includes philosophical theories about images, image-making, and how viewers approach images, as well as theories developed for practical use by artists, such as systems of perspective, proportion, and color. Prerequisites: AR 281, AR 282, AR 283, Art History Survey I, II, and III. Required of all Art majors. Offered every other fall (odd years) and every other spring (even years).
Course Fees: $75
AR 391. Sculpture I. (3 Credits)
Study of three-dimensional techniques using temporary and permanent materials suitable for sculpture form. Two 3-hour studio periods per week. (Fall)
Course Fees: $75
AR 392. Sculpture II. (3 Credits)
Continuation of Sculpture I. Student will work toward developing sculptural form in mixed media. Two 3-hour studio periods per week. Prerequisites: AR 221, 231, 391. (Fall)
Course Fees: $75
AR 399. Departmental Service Learning. (1-6 Credits)
This course is designed to provide students the opportunity to integrate academic learning about vital service issues within a specific discipline with service work addressing those issues. This course may be repeated for a maximum of six credits. Approval of supervising department required. (Offered upon sufficient demand.)
Course Fees: $75
AR 402. Medium Format Film Camera. (3 Credits)
This course provides an introduction to medium format film camera technology and aesthetics through a number of image-making techniques and applications in the studio and on location. Landscape, architecture, portraiture, still life and specialized areas are covered. Prerequisite: AR 321.
Course Fees: $75
AR 404. Narrative Photography. (3 Credits)
Students will be introduced to artists working in narrative forms. Topics may include: documentary photography, photojournalism, constructed realities, artists' books, and multi-media projects. Students may use a manually adjustable film or digital camera for this course. Prerequisites: AR 321 and AR 332. (Fall, Spring)
Course Fees: $75
AR 406. Professional Practices in Photography. (3 Credits)
Through a blend of reading, research and hands-on activities, this course focuses on practical issues concerning photography students’ readiness to enter the marketplace at the onset of their early professional lives in the field of visual art and design. This is a mandatory course for all art students who are pursuing a BFA degree in Photography and can be taken concurrently with AR496 Senior Studio II. Prerequisites: AR 321, AR 404. (Fall, Spring)
Course Fees: $75
AR 411. Advanced Printmaking. (3 Credits)
Concentration on one of two graphic processes and individualized techniques; history of printmaking through assigned reading. Two 3-hour studio periods per week. May be repeated for three or six hours credit per semester. Prerequisites: AR 221, 231, 312. (Fall)
Course Fees: $75
AR 421. Advanced Drawing. (3 Credits)
Student will be expected to work competently and expressively. Student will be required to be familiar with current and traditional graphic styles. Three 2-hour studio periods per week. May be repeated for three or six hours credit per semester. Prerequisites: AR 221, 222, 231, (Spring)
Course Fees: $75
AR 423. Digital Portfolio Design. (3 Credits)
This course will provide students an opportunity to demonstrate their ability for creative synthesis. Students will further develop their design skills by utilizing multiple software applications to conceive, design and produce an interactive digital portfolio. They will learn to organize several content areas including the use of type, still images, audio and video. Students should enroll in this course one semester prior you graduation. Prerequisites: AR 221, 231, 347.
Course Fees: $75
AR 434. Contemporary Painting Overview. (3 Credits)
Exposure to contemporary painting through hands-on experience. A study and emulation of recognized contemporary painters working in a multitude of styles and content areas. Prerequisites: AR 343.
Course Fees: $75
AR 435. Selected Studies in Contemporary Painting. (3 Credits)
Reinforcement of the foothold students are gaining in contemporary art. Through emulation and in-depth study students are encouraged to develop awareness of their own personal direction. Prerequisites: AR 434.
Course Fees: $75
AR 436. Non-Traditional Materials and Methods in Painting. (3 Credits)
Opening the door of possibilities and giving students an awareness of what is available to them to form their art. Students are encouraged to experiment with non-traditional art materials and methods. Prerequisites: AR 435.
Course Fees: $75
AR 437. Personal Style and Content in Painting. (3 Credits)
Validation of the student as a creative entity. Students are given space to grow from what they have learned. Students are encouraged to think of art as a manifestation of their own comprehension of their total life experience. Prerequisites: AR 436.
Course Fees: $75
AR 438. Advanced Visual Language in Painting. (3 Credits)
This advanced studio course is designed for students seeking to further refine their unique visual language and develop a cohesive body of work suitable for portfolio, exhibition, or graduate school application. Students will focus on self-directed projects, formulating a professional, rigorous studio practice under faculty guidance. The course emphasizes advanced painting techniques, sophisticated color theory, and in-depth conceptual development. Through studio practice, thematic research, and intensive dialogue, students will transition from academic painting to independent artistic production. Prerequisite: AR 437.
Course Fees: $75
AR 439. Professional Practices in Painting. (3 Credits)
Through a blend of reading, research and hands-on activities, this course focuses on practical issues concerning painting students’ readiness to enter the marketplace at the onset of their early professional lives in the field of visual art and design. This is a mandatory course for all art students who are pursuing a BFA degree in Painting and can be taken concurrently with AR496 Senior Studio II. Prerequisite: AR 438. (Fall, Spring)
Course Fees: $75
AR 446. DM: Media Theory. (3 Credits)
This course investigates how media and visual culture shape communication, interpretation, and interaction. Students will study concepts such as semiotics, representation, ideology, and authorship through the lens of digital media practice. Case studies may include advertising, user interfaces, interactive environments, and contemporary art. Students will connect theory to their own creative work through analysis, critique, and applied projects. Prerequisites: AR 221, 231, or permission of instructor. (Spring, Offered upon sufficient demand)
Course Fees: $75
AR 449. Advanced Digital Media. (3 Credits)
In this course students will concentrate on a focused investigation into the use of digital media for the expression and production of their artistic ideas. Course content varies and will be listed by semester. Topics include 2-D Digital Media, Multi Media (image, text, sound, interactivity), Video Art, and The Web as Venue for Conceptual Art. This course is repeateable for up to 15 credit hours total. A portfolio review with the instructor will be required before students register for this course their first time. Prerequisites: AR 446 and 348; AR 320 is highly recommended. (Spring)
Course Fees: $75
AR 452. Form And Content Experimentation in Ceramics. (3 Credits)
Emphasis will be placed on technical proficiency, aesthetic awareness, and personal growth. Students will work with advanced functional and/or sculptural ceramic form and process. Students will be exposed to historical and contemporary references in ceramics. Prerequisites: AR 221, 231, 352.
Course Fees: $75
AR 453. Personal Form Investigation in Ceramics. (3 Credits)
Students will expand technical skills while increasing focus on specialized, personal, and creative investigation of the material. The course will include documentation of work and beginning development of a portfolio. Prerequisites: AR 452.
Course Fees: $75
AR 454. Form and Content Development in Ceramics. (3 Credits)
Emphasis will be placed on personal expression with the material and technical, stylistic, conceptual, and aesthetic issues involved with ceramics. Students will continue development of a portfolio. Prerequisites: AR 453.
Course Fees: $75
AR 455. Advanced Form and Content Development in Ceramics. (3 Credits)
Emphasis will be placed on the creation of a complex, well-researched, technically successful and aesthetically concise body of work. Students will be involved with sophisticated techniques of clay, glaze, and firing methods. Students will continue development of a portfolio. Prerequisites: AR 454.
Course Fees: $75
AR 456. Professional Skill Development in Ceramics. (3 Credits)
Students will continue with the development of an in-depth and focused investigation in ceramic art, identifying and using subject matter and forms of personal interest. This course is intended for students planning a career in the ceramics field. Students will continue development of a portfolio. Prerequisites:AR 455.
Course Fees: $75
AR 457. Professional Practices in Ceramics. (3 Credits)
Through a blend of reading, research and hands-on activities, this course focuses on practical issues concerning ceramic students’ readiness to enter the marketplace at the onset of their early professional lives in the field of visual art and design. This is a mandatory course for all art students who are pursuing a BFA degree in Ceramics, and can be taken concurrently with AR496 Senior Studio II. Prerequisite: AR 456. (Fall, Spring)
Course Fees: $75
AR 461. DM: Print Media. (3 Credits)
This course explores the creative and technical processes of professional print and hybrid production. Students investigate how visual communication and materiality intersect through projects in packaging, publication, and environmental graphics. Emphasis is placed on advanced typographic systems, prepress specifications, and the translation of digital design into physical form. Prerequisites: AR 347, 348. (Fall)
Course Fees: $75
AR 462. DM: Interactive Media. (3 Credits)
This course introduces students to interactive design principles across screen-based and immersive environments. Emphasis is placed on user experience (UX), interface design (UI), and extended reality (XR) applications. Students will prototype interactive experiences that respond to both user behavior and spatial context, integrating accessibility and usability considerations into the design process. Prerequisites: AR 347, 348. (Spring)
Course Fees: $75
AR 463. DM: Sequential Media. (3 Credits)
This course explores digital storytelling through animation, sequential imagery, and time-based media. Students will create narratives using illustration, sound, and motion in formats such as kinetic typography, visual essays, or web-based stories. Emphasis is placed on pacing, structure, and audience engagement. Prerequisites: AR 347, 348. (Spring)
Course Fees: $75
AR 464. DM: Motion Media. (3 Credits)
This course introduces students to motion design as both a commercial and experimental form of visual communication. Through time-based projects, students will explore principles of animation, typography in motion, visual rhythm, and narrative pacing. The course supports flexible outcomes ranging from client-driven graphics to expressive video artworks. Emphasis is placed on integrating sound, sequence, and design to create compelling motion-based experiences. Prerequisites: AR 347, 348. (Fall)
Course Fees: $75
AR 465. Professional Practices in Digital Media. (3 Credits)
Through a blend of reading, research and hands-on activities, this course focuses on practical issues concerning Digital Media students’ readiness to enter the marketplace at the onset of their early professional lives in the field of visual art and design. This is a mandatory course for all art students who are pursuing a BFA degree in Digital Media, and can be taken concurrently with AR496 Senior Studio II. Prerequisites: AR 461, 462, 463, 464. (Fall, Spring)
Course Fees: $75
AR 470. Methodology and Materials in Art. (3 Credits)
Practical aspects of teaching art education at pre-kindergarten, primary, middle and secondary levels. Topics covered include current methodology in art education, art education curricula, the preparation and presentation of lesson material, classroom management, professional organizations, discovery and use of resources, technology, and professional behaviors. Coursework includes on-site observations, practical exercises, and integration of art into the total school curriculum with exhibition of student artwork. Prerequisites: ED 292 and Admitted to Teacher Education. (Spring)
Course Fees: $75
AR 474. Form and Content Experimentation in Sculpture. (3 Credits)
Students will focus on the exploration of contemporary sculpture with emphasis on the development of techniques, concepts, aesthetics, and the exploration of sculpture media. Students will be exposed to historical and contemporary references in sculpture. Prerequisites: AR 221, 231, 392. (Fall, Spring)
Course Fees: $75
AR 475. Personal Form Investigation in Sculpture. (3 Credits)
Students will focus on individualized explorations through projects in a variety of sculptural media and techniques. The course builds upon technical skills and concepts covered in the previous course (AR 474). The course will include documentation of work and beginning development of a portfolio. Prerequisites: AR 474. (Fall, Spring)
Course Fees: $75
AR 476. Form and Content Development in Sculpture. (3 Credits)
The course will focus on advanced sculptural form with medium and subject area determined by instructor and student. Emphasis will be placed on concept, idea development, and perfecting technical skills. Students will continue development of a portfolio. Prerequisites: AR 475. (Fall, Spring)
Course Fees: $75
AR 477. Advanced Form and Content Development in Sculpture. (3 Credits)
Emphasis will be placed on personal expression with materials and technical, stylistic, conceptual, and aesthetic issues involved with sculpture. Medium and subject area will be determined by student in consultation with instructor. Students will continue development of a portfolio. Prerequisites: AR 476. (Fall, Spring)
Course Fees: $75
AR 478. Professional Skill Development in Sculpture. (3 Credits)
Guided individual studio projects leading to a professional level of technical accomplishment in a stylistically coherent body of work. The course is intended for students planning a career in the sculpture field. Students will continue development of a portfolio. Prerequisites: AR 477. (Fall, Spring)
Course Fees: $75
AR 479. Professional Practices in Sculpture. (3 Credits)
Through a blend of reading, research and hands-on activities, this course focuses on practical issues concerning sculpture’s students’ readiness to enter the marketplace at the onset of their early professional lives in the field of visual art and design. This is a mandatory course for all art students who are pursuing a BFA degree in Sculpture and can be taken concurrently with AR496 Senior Studio II. Prerequisite: AR 478. (Fall, Spring)
Course Fees: $75
AR 480W. Modern Art. (3 Credits)
An investigation and critical analysis of diverse modes, issues, and problems of twentieth century painting and sculpture. (Fall, odd-numbered years)
Course Fees: $75
AR 481W. Modern Architecture. (3 Credits)
Major monuments and master architects of the twentieth century emphasizing concepts of modernism and post-modernizm. (Offered on sufficient demand)
Course Fees: $75
AR 482W. Italian Renaissance Art. (3 Credits)
The historical development of Italian painting and sculpture from the late thirteenth to the mid-sixteenth centruies. (Fall, even-numbered years)
Course Fees: $75
AR 483W. American Art. (3 Credits)
Art, architecture, and visual culture in what is now the United States from the prehistoric period to the present day, emphasizing works' cultural context.
Course Fees: $75
AR 484W. History of Photography. (3 Credits)
A global survey of the history of photography, with emphasis on photography's culture and theoretic implications.
Course Fees: $75
AR 486W. Women in Art History. (3 Credits)
A survey of women as makers, patrons, and subjects of art from prehistoric times to the present day. Also listed as WS 486W but creditable only in the field for which registered.
Course Fees: $75
AR 487W. Special Topics in art History. (3 Credits)
This course provides students with varying examinations of particular periods, artists, and issues in art history.
Course Fees: $75
AR 491. Advanced Sculpture. (3 Credits)
The student will work in a sustained program involving one or two mediums. Two 3-hour periods per week. May be repeated for three or six hours credit per semester. Prerequisites: AR 221, 231, 392. (Fall)
Course Fees: $75
AR 495. Senior Studio I. (3 Credits)
The first part of a two-sequence senior studio capstone experience. Students will initiate an investigation and production of serial imagery in consultation with the art and design faculty. Students are expected to produce an interconnected body of work informed by a rigorous, research-based methodology for their senior capstone exhibition. (Fall and Spring). Prerequisite: AR 324 (3) BFA Portfolio Review for all BFA candidates; AR 224 (3) Sophomore Review for all liberal arts candidates . (Fall, Spring)
Course Fees: $75
AR 496. Senior Studio II. (3 Credits)
The second part of the two-sequence senior studio capstone experience. Graduating seniors will present their capstone exhibition and participate in the exit portfolio review. They will present their capstone portfolio created in the AR495 Senior Studio I. They will focus on curating, installing artwork, develop labels, and marketing materials in accordance with professional standards, and deliver a public gallery talk. This course can be taken concurrently with Professional Practices in various concentrations AR 465, 457, 479, 406, and 439. Prerequisite: AR 495. (Fall, Spring)
Course Fees: $75
AR 499. Independent Study-Practicum. (3 Credits)
Open to senior art majors, upon approval of the chair of the department. Provides for independent study, projects, or experiences under departmental determination, supervision, and evaluation. International students must receive approval from the Office of International Affairs prior to course registration. (Fall, Spring, Summer)
Course Fees: $75